An Introduction to the Healthy Soils Program
Solano County Farm Bureau Healthy Soils Program Grants
Fundable Healthy Soils Practices
What is compost?
What is compost?
Compost is the result of microbial decomposition of organic matter under controlled conditions. It is used to improve soil health, but it is important to note that lower quality composts can negatively impact crops and soils.
Benefits of compost
- Increases soil fertility, plant health, and yields
- Provides stable, slow-release plant-available nutrients
- Improves soil moisture, water infiltration and retention
- Reduces need and dependency on synthetic commercial soil conditioners and fertilizers
- Can moderate soil temperature, and also reduce weeds when used as a mulch
- Improves water quality through reduced runoff and nutrient stabilization
- Increases microbial activity and beneficial microorganisms
- Stores carbon and reduces greenhouse gas emissions
Compost materials
Spreading equipment is a key part of compost application, and can vary from operation to operation:
- Standard manure-spreading equipment can be used for most broadcast applications on open ground.
- Mechanical incorporation with a disc or similar equipment into the top few inches of the soil maximizes compost benefits.
- Special equipment is required for orchard and vineyard application. Some enterprises that haul and spread compost have equipment for application in confined spaces.
In practice
Selecting Compost:
- Temperature: Compost should not be steaming
- Odor: Avoid compost with strong smells of ammonia or other smells; this indicates the compost is not mature
Application timing:
- A long-term program of moderate and regular compost application is needed to increase soil nitrogen availability
- Often, compost is applied prior to each cropping cycle
- *Supplemental sources of nitrogen like mineral fertilizers or green manures may be needed as you start using compost
Application Rates:
Typically 3-6 tons of moist compost applied per acre per year
- For annual crops:
3-5 tons/acre/year for higher nitrogen compost
6-8 tons/acre/year for lower nitrogen compost - For tree crops:
2-5 tons/acre/year for higher nitrogen compost
6-8 tons/acre/year for lower nitrogen compost - Rangeland:
6-10 tons/acre/year of lower nitrogen compost only
What is conservation tilling?
Conservation tillage (CT) is an umbrella term for a method of land preparation that utilizes crop residue as mulch, leaving at least 30% of soil covered with previous crop residue at the time of planting. Types include no-tillage, strip-tillage, ridge-tillage, and mulch-tillage.
Benefits of conservation tilling
- Reduces fuel, labor, and equipment costs
- Builds organic matter in topsoil
- Decreases nitrate leaching potential
- Reduces erosion and dust emissions
- Minimizes soil disturbance to protect qualities that support soil health and crop fertility.
- Enables more diverse and intensive crop rotations in areas with limited rainfall.
- Improved soil friability (soil with texture ideal for plant growth)
- Removes the need for fall shredding or tillage
- Maximizes wildlife habitat, food resources during the winter
Conservation tilling materials
Implementing conservation tillage can take a considerable amount of planning and experimentation to create a management system that works for your farm. Materials can include:
- No-till drill, which can be available locally for rent (no-till)
- In-row chisels (mulch-till, strip-till)
- Field cultivators (mulch-till)
- Disks, sweeps, or blades (mulch-till, ridge-till)
- Rototiller (strip-till)
- GPS for precise re-establishment of beds and furrows
- Herbicides for weed management
- Fertilizer to compensate for potential lower crop nitrogen and phosphorus levels
In practice
Minimum Tillage:
- Uses in CA: Tomatoes, cotton, corn silage, small grains, hay
- Uses equipment that combines tillage tools onto a single frame like the Optimizer, the Eliminator, Incorpramaster
Mulch-Tillage:
- Uses in CA: corn silage, tomatoes, dry edible beans, corn for grain, small grains, hay
- Uses conventional broadcast tillage implements like disks, chisel plows, rod weeders, or cultivators, with limited passes across a field to maintain at least 30% of surface residue
Strip-Tillage/Ridge Tillage:
- Uses in CA: Tomatoes, cotton, melon, corn silage
- Crops are seeded and grown on ridges or shallow beds formed during the prior growing season.
- The seed row is tilled prior to planting to allow residue removal, soil aeration and warming.
No-Tillage/Direct Seeding:
- Soil left undisturbed from harvest to planting (with the exception of fertilizer injection)
- Soil disturbance occurs at planting by seeders or drills
What is cover cropping?
Cover crops are a variety of grasses, legumes, and forbs planted for seasonal vegetative cover in agricultural operations. They are a primary fertility and soil management tool for soil health and ecosystem improvement.
Benefits of cover crops
- Provide nitrogen
- Increase soil organic matter (SOM) and improve nutrient availability
- Prevent soil erosion
- Improve soil structure and drainage
- Protect water quality
- Conserves soil moisture
- Provide habitat for beneficial fauna
- Suppress weeds
- Increase biodiversity and pollinator support
Cover crop materials
Cover crops can be planted at multiple times throughout the year, though cover crops in California are often planted following fall harvest and decompose before spring planting. Cover crops can include a single species or a mix of grasses, legumes, and forbs; plant selection depends on your regional and site-specific climate and soil conditions. Materials can include the following:
Common cover crops:
- Bell beans
- Peas
- Clovers
- Radish
- Mustards
- Lupine
- Lentil
- Oats
- Annual and perennial rye
- Barley
Inoculent (for legumes only):
- Rhizobium inoculent is necessary for N fixation to occur. Make sure to purchase the appropriate inoculent for the legumes you'll be planting.
Planting equipment:
- Planting equipment such as drills or broadcasters are needed to sow cover crop seed.
In practice
Timing:
- Plant winter cover crops between early October and the middle of November. Legumes do best if planted by mid-October.
- Allow at least 2-3 weeks for incorporated residue to decompose before planting the following cash crop.
- *Early planting dates are more favorable for good germination, but may require more irrigation.
Irrigation:
- To ensure good cover crop germination, light irrigation is recommended after sowing (unless fall rains occur soon).
- Annual Systems: 8-12 acre-inches for earlier planting
- Perennial Systems: ~ 2 acre-inches for fall planting
Cost:
- Cover crop seeds can range from less than 50 cents/lb to upwards of $3/lb.
What are hedgerows?
Hedgerows are lines or groups of trees, shrubs, perennial forbs and grasses that are planted along roadways, fences, field edges, or other non-cropped areas.
Farm plans are helpful tools to partner with the establishment of hedgerows; key considerations include selecting hedgerow plants compatible with the soil, water, wind, and light conditions on farm or ranch. Aerial maps that can help assess the topography, hydrology, and crop/non-crop production areas are also useful.
Benefits of cover crops
- Increased water conservation through improved surface water infiltration and groundwater recharge
- Improved soil and water quality
- Soil stabilization
- Increased plant diversity on farm or ranch
- Can provide wildlife corridors and habitat
- Provide pollen, nectar, and nesting habitat for pollinators
- Provide barriers to wind and noise
Hedgerow materials
Cover crops can be planted at multiple times throughout the year, though cover crops in California are often planted following fall harvest and decompose before spring planting. Cover crops can include a single species or a mix of grasses, legumes, and forbs; plant selection depends on your regional and site-specific climate and soil conditions. Materials can include the following:
Plants that tolerate standing water:
- Cottonwood
- Willow
- Elderberry
Perennial grasses that tolerate standing water:
- Creeping wildrye
- Deer grass
- Meadow barley
Shrubs that do not tolerate standing water:
- Buckwheat
- Toyon
- California lilac
Perennial grasses that do not tolerate standing water:
- Purple needlegrass
- Blue wildrye
- Squirrel tail
Forbs that can handle some soil saturation:
- Narrow-leaf milkweed
- Yarrow
- California aster
Other options can include lupines, clovers, oaks, buckeye.
In practice
- Site prep & planting: Hedgerow sites should be disked (no-till drills can be used to plant grass seed).
- Timing: Plant perennials in the fall when the weather is cool and more moisture supports plant establishment.
- Spacing: Larger shrubs @ 15 ft intervals | smaller shrubs @ 7.5 ft intervals |
native perennial grasses @ 12-14 lbs/acre - Water: Irrigate every 1-3 weeks for the first 3 years.
What is mulching?
Mulching is applying plant residues, compost, or wood chips to the land’s surface without incorporating it into the soil.
Cover cropping and conservation tillage can dovetail into use of intercrop crop residue as mulch in a low-input system that maximizes soil health and efficient use of resources.
Benefits of mulch
- Improves plant productivity and health
- Maintains or increases soil organic matter
- Increases fertilizer availability and acts as a slow-release fertilizer
- Improves moisture retention and reduces irrigation needs
- Deters weed invasions
- Provides food and shelter for ground beetles, spiders, and other predators of weed seeds and crop pests
- Controls soil erosion
- Protects the soil surface from raindrop impact and crusting while allowing for adequate soil aeration
- Moderates soil temperature
Mulch materials
- Plastic mulch typically used for strawberry and tomato production can be replaced with natural materials to achieve similar benefits.
- Apply plant-based mulching materials with a carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) less than 30:1 to reduce soil nitrogen immobilization.
- Finely divided plant residues (e.g., sawdust) and those rich in soluble carbohydrates (e.g., fresh green-chopped sorghumsudan grass, corn, or other grasses) that have a C:N ratio greater than 30
- Coarser materials such as grain straw and chipped brush usually do not reduce crop-available soil N levels unless and until they are incorporated into the soil by tillage or cultivation.
- Do not apply mulch with C:N less than 20:1 to an area of designed flow in watercourse.
In practice
- When mulching with wood products such as wood chips, bark, or shavings, apply 2-4 inches or 10 tons per acre.
- When mulching with cereal grain straw or grass hay, apply to achieve at least 70% ground cover to provide protection from erosion and runoff and allow adequate light and air penetration to the seedbed for germination and emergence.
- Apply mulch materials to cover at least 90% of the soil surface to reduce evaporation and conserve irrigation.
- Avoid excessively thick or tightly packed mulches that can result in soggy, anaerobic conditions at the soil surface during wet weather, prevent rainfall or overhead irrigation from reaching the soil, and interfere with the movement of beneficial organisms.
What is prescribed grazing?
Prescribed grazing is defined as the management of vegetation with grazing and/or browsing animals with the intent to achieve specific ecological, economic, and management objectives. Grazing management systems can vastly vary.
Benefits of prescribed grazing
- Healthy plant communities
- Improved soil structure and health
- Reduced erosion
- Minimizes supplemental feed costs
- Reduced fire fuels/hazards
- Increased weed management
- Improved wildlife habitat and food connectivity
- Increased surface and subsurface water quality
- Increased animal health
Prescribed grazing materials
Before implementing prescribed grazing on the land that you steward, it is important to incorporate the following tools:
- Goals and objectives: Clearly defined goals and objectives help land stewards achieve desired resulted on grazing lands.
- Resource inventory: Resource inventories should include the following information:
Conservation plan map/grazing plan map
Soils inventory
Animal inventory
Threatened/endangered/species of concern list
Cultural resources - Forage inventory: Includes data on expected forage quantity, quality, and species in each management unit.
- Grazing plan: Should meet the land manager’s goals, and promote the maintenance and/or improvement of the plant, animal, soil, wildlife and water resources.
In practice
Note that the following is general criteria applicable to prescribed grazing.
- Adjust the intensity, frequency, timing, duration, and distribution of grazing to meet objectives for plant communities and grazing animals.
- Provide plants sufficient recovering time from grazing.
- Manage livestock movement based on plant growth, available forage, and other identified goals.
- Maintain adequate vegetative cover on sensitive areas (riparian, wetland, etc.)
- Ensure adequate drinking water availability for animals.
- Create plans to respond to disturbance events like drought or wildfire.
- Develop monitoring plans that support adaptive management to optimize conservation goals.
- Protect soil, water, air, plant, and animal resources when locating a livestock handling and watering facilities.
What are riparian buffers?
Riparian forest buffers are habitat dominated by woody species established along a creek. Riparian forest buffers are meant to enhance riparian habitat by shading the body of water and protecting it from harmful runoff.
Benefits of riparian buffers
- Filter sediments and other pollutants
- Restore riparian corridor vegetation
- Create shade that lowers water temperature, improving habitat for fish and other fauna
- Can provide habitat for birds and beneficial insects
- Reduced potential flood damage
- Potential diversification of income through potential harvested materials from riparian buffers
Riparian buffer materials
When planting riparian buffers, make sure to choose species that are well-adapted to the soil and climate conditions of your region. The following is a brief list of California native plants commonly planted for riparian buffers . For a longer list and more detailed instruction, see 'Additional Resources' on the following page.
Riparian Plant Species for Contra Costa County:
- Willow (Salix spp.):
Sandbar willow
Gooding’s black willow - Fremont cottonwood
- Valley oak
- Sycamore
- California wild rose
- Pacific blackberry
- California aster
- California black walnut
- Santa Barbara sedge
- Rushes
- Coyote brush
In practice
Site prep & planting:
- Use seed and/or seedlings from multiple sources to increase genetic diversity
Timing:
- Plant in the fall/winter, after first rains
Spacing:
- Maximize width, length, and connectivity of riparian forest buffer to provide greatest benefit to wildlife
Minimum 32-50 ft wide from one side of the watercourse
100-165+ ft wide for interior nesting birds, small and large mammals
Maintenance:
- Limit access and damage from vehicles, equipment, livestock, and wildlife during planting and until riparian buffer establishment (~3 years)
- Control invasive species and noxious weeds until buffer is fully established and functional
Common weeds: Black mustard, Milk thistle, Perennial pepperweed, Yellow star-thistle, Russian thistle, Bull thistle, Giant reed, Pampas grass
What is whole orchard recycling?
Whole orchard recycling is the practice in which orchard trees are chipped and incorporated back into the soil at the end of their agronomic life cycle. The wood chips are incorporated back into the soil of the fields where the trees stood, which may be fallowed or continue agronomic production under minimally-tilled perennial crops.
Benefits of whole orchard recycling
- Increased yields, carbon storage, irrigation efficiency, and improved soil health
- Equal or better tree growth and yield
- Increased soil organic matter
- Improved soil fertility
- Enhanced soil moisture retention and improved infiltration
- Sustainable method of tree removal that could enhance both air and soil quality without compromising tree health, yield, and economic benefits to growers
- Ameliorates Prunus replant disease and other root diseases, by causing a shift in the soil microbiome, and particularly in nematode populations
Whole orchard recycling materials
Implementing whole orchard recycling is a process that depends heavily on machinery capable of uprooting mature orchard trees and roots. Materials can include:
- Excavator or bulldozer to remove trees
- Horizontal grinder with front-in loader
- Manure spreader (to spread wood chips)
- Ripper/field cultivator hard pans, or pull up large roots
- Stubble disk or rototiller
In practice
The following information represents an abbreviated version of the process of whole orchard recycling:
- Excavate trees from the ground with as much tree root and crown as possible
- Grinding with stationary horizontal grinder with a front-in loader and two- or four-inch screen sizes
- Spreading evenly one to two inches thick over the entire orchard floor soil with modified manure spreaders
- Ripping 5-6 feet deep
- Incorporation with stubble disks, plowing, or roto-tilling
- Fumigate at depths between 18 and 24 inches
- Disk, level, build berms, install irrigation system, and planting the same as in conventional orchards
Nutrient Use:
- Apply fertilizer nitrogen at greater rates than what is normally recommended for trees in their first leaf
- 5-8 oz nitrogen (N) (50-70 lbs N/acre) per tree after recycling is recommended in the first year
- Granular fertilizer is more efficient than line drip applied fertilizer in the first few years
- N application soon after planting, in small frequent doses
What are windbreaks?
Windbreaks (and other wind barriers) are plantings of trees or shrubs meant to shelter and protect chosen areas from wind. Windbreaks can also be known as shelterbelts, and share many uses and benefits with hedgerows.
Farm plans are helpful tools to partner with the establishment of windbreaks; key considerations include selecting plants compatible with farm's ecological conditions. Aerial maps that can help assess the topography and hydrology are also useful.
Benefits of windbreaks
- Reduces wind damage to crops
- Reduces soil erosion by wind
- Soil stabilization
- Provides a living visual and noise screen
- Improves air quality
- Can improve irrigation efficiency
- Can provide wildlife corridors and habitat
- Can provide pollen, nectar, and nesting habitat for pollinators
- Provide barriers to wind and noise
Windbreak materials
When planting windbreaks, it is important to plant species that are well-adapted to the soil and climate conditions of your farm. The following is a brief list of California native plants commonly planted for windbreaks, shelterbelts, and hedgerows.
- Excavator or bulldozer to remove trees
- Horizontal grinder with front-in loader
- Manure spreader (to spread wood chips)
- Ripper/field cultivator hard pans, or pull up large roots
- Stubble disk or rototiller
Trees:
- Cottonwood
- Willow
- Elderberry
- Buckeye
- Big berry manzanita
- A variety of oak trees (valley, blue, coast live)
Shrubs:
- Buckwheat
- Toyon
- California lilac
- California juniper
- Redberry
- Chamise
In practice
- Density: Dense windbreak plantings have maximum wind reduction but shorter areas of protection, while less dense windbreaks have less wind reduction but long wind shadows.
- Orientation: Windbreaks should be planted at right angles to best combat winds.
- Site prep & planting: The length of a windbreak should be at least 10x the height of the tallest trees, and extend past the width of the area needing protection.
- Timing: Plant perennials in the fall when the weather is cool and more moisture supports plant establishment.
- Spacing:
Trees should be spaced 6-20 ft apart | Larger shrubs should be 4-6 ft apart | 12-20 ft between rows - Water: Plants will need to be watered regularly during dry months.
Ben Weise
Skills: Permitting, conservation on agricultural land, illegal dumping prevention.
Fun Fact: Eagle Scout, former member of the University of California Marching Band, aspiring birder, and a Contra Costa native raised in Southern California.
Ben Weise
Ben started working with Contra Costa RCD in January 2017 after receiving two Masters degrees from Indiana University in Natural Resource Management and Environmental Policy following undergraduate studies at UC Berkeley. Ben manages the Voluntary Local Program, the EcoStewards Program, and other conservation programs focused on agricultural lands.
Ishai Cohen
Skills: Water conservation, Irrigation Audits, Data interpretation/analysis, Soil conservation.
Fun Fact: As a toddler Ishai lived on a cut flower farm. His first word was tractor. While working as a gardener, Ishai learned to backcountry ski, because being in the snow is much better than being in the rain.
Ishai Cohen
Ishai has over 20 years’ experience in the landscape field, with 8 of those as an irrigation specialist. He is also a licensed landscape contractor. In 2016, Ishai returned to school as a returning adult student, first earning a Certificate of Achievement in Nursery Management at Diablo Valley College, and then transferring and graduating from UC Berkeley in 2022 with a BS in Conservation and Resource Studies, earning the departmental citation.
After graduating from Cal, Ishai worked as a Scientific Aid in the Groundwater Permitting Unit at the Regional Water Quality Control Board, reviewing groundwater discharge monitoring and reporting data.
Ishai has a deep interest in all things grass, soil and irrigation and has focused his studies on those fields.
Nat Gaffney
Skills: Critical Thinking, Environmental Education, Community Engagement, Qualitative Data Analysis.
Fun Fact: I consider myself a “micro-hiker”, or someone who notices and admires the tiny details and mini ecosystems all around (leaves, bugs, the interesting pattern on a rock, wildlife, fungi, moss, etc.).
Nat Gaffney
With a B.S. in Society and Environment from UC Berkeley and a minor in Food Systems, Nat is a critical thinker; a passionate believer in collective liberation; and dedicated environmental steward. In the Berkeley community, they have been involved in many projects toward food justice and agroecology such as Pour Out Pepsi, the Berkeley Student Food Collective, the UC Gill Tract, and Berkeley Student Farms. From these spaces/efforts, their passion for sustainable food systems grew. They are excited to be part of the Urban Agriculture Team and help actualize sustainability goals that CCRCD and partners are striving toward!
Genna Fudin
Skills: Environmental stewardship, relationship building, community composter & gardener, aspiring homesteader, native grasslands enthusiast, loves working with animals, grazing systems, tree hugger, watershed restoration steward.
Fun Fact: She grew up in Connecticut and although once partial to the Autumn season, understandably so having grown up surrounded by vibrant colors and foliage, has since made the East Bay her main home for the past 10 years, and has grown to appreciate every season, and the diversity of biomes present throughout California with vibrant colors of its own.
Genna Fudin
Genna comes to Contra Costa Resource Conservation District (CCRCD) as an early career professional who’s background in environmental sciences and food systems gives her a holistic lens in which to assist land managers across Contra Costa county. She recently completed serving in a Sustainable Agriculture & Water Technician role at Mendocino County Resource Conservation District through a UC-Berkeley AmeriCorps program called GrizzlyCorps, and also worked on rangeland carbon monitoring with Point Blue Conservation Science based in Petaluma, CA and Quivira Coalition based in Santa Fe, NM, where she partnered with farmers & ranchers across the continental Southwest. With CCRCD’s growing Agriculture team, Genna is the point person working on livestock and rangeland conservation projects including the Voluntary Local Program to restore habitats and protect the state threatened California Tiger Salamander and Alameda Whipsnake and federally threatened California Red-Legged Frog, and many additional rangeland management projects.